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Claude Shannon

Claude Shannon
Shannon c. 1950s
Born
Claude Elwood Shannon

(1916-04-30)April 30, 1916
Petoskey, Michigan, U.S.
DiedFebruary 24, 2001(2001-02-24) (aged 84)
Medford, Massachusetts, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Michigan (BS, BSE) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MS, PhD)
Known for
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1940; div. 1941)​
  • Betty Shannon
    ​
    (m. 1949⁠–⁠2001)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics, computer science, electronic engineering, artificial intelligence
Institutions
Theses
Doctoral advisorFrank Lauren Hitchcock
Doctoral students

Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, cryptographer and inventor, known as the "father of information theory" and credited with laying the foundations of the Information Age.[1][2][3] Shannon was the first to describe the use of Boolean algebra that are essential to all digital electronic circuits, and was one of the founding fathers of artificial intelligence.[4][5][6] Roboticist Rodney Brooks declared that Shannon was the 20th century engineer who contributed the most to 21st century technologies,[7] and mathematician Solomon W. Golomb described his intellectual achievement as "one of the greatest of the twentieth century".[8]

At the University of Michigan, Shannon dual degreed, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in both electrical engineering and mathematics in 1936. A 21-year-old master's degree student in electrical engineering at MIT, his thesis "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits" demonstrated that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship,[9] thereby establishing the theory behind digital computing and digital circuits.[10] The thesis has been claimed to be the most important master's thesis of all time,[9] having been called the "birth certificate of the digital revolution",[11] and winning the 1939 Alfred Noble Prize.[12] He graduated from MIT in 1940 with a PhD in mathematics;[13] his thesis focusing on genetics contained important results, while initially going unpublished.[14]

Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense of the United States during World War II, including his fundamental work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications, writing a paper which is considered one of the foundational pieces of modern cryptography,[15] with his work described as "a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography".[16] The work of Shannon was foundational for symmetric-key cryptography, including the work of Horst Feistel, the Data Encryption Standard (DES), and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).[16] As a result, Shannon has been called the "founding father of modern cryptography".[17]

His 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" laid the foundations for the field of information theory,[18][13] referred to as a "blueprint for the digital era" by electrical engineer Robert G. Gallager[19] and "the Magna Carta of the Information Age" by Scientific American.[20][21] Golomb compared Shannon's influence on the digital age to that which "the inventor of the alphabet has had on literature".[18] Advancements across multiple scientific disciplines utilized Shannon's theory—including the invention of the compact disc, the development of the Internet, the commercialization of mobile telephony, and the understanding of black holes.[22][23] He also formally introduced the term "bit",[24][2] and was a co-inventor of both pulse-code modulation and the first wearable computer.

Shannon made numerous contributions to the field of artificial intelligence,[4] including co-organizing the 1956 Dartmouth workshop considered to be the discipline's founding event,[25][26] and papers on the programming of chess computers.[27][28] His Theseus machine was the first electrical device to learn by trial and error, being one of the first examples of artificial intelligence.[7][29]

  1. ^ Atmar, Wirt (2001). "A Profoundly Repeated Pattern". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 82 (3): 208–211. ISSN 0012-9623. JSTOR 20168572.
  2. ^ a b Tse, David (December 22, 2020). "How Claude Shannon Invented the Future". Quanta. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  3. ^ Roberts, Siobhan (April 30, 2016). "The Forgotten Father of the Information Age". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  4. ^ a b Slater, Robert (1989). Portraits in Silicon. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-262-69131-4.
  5. ^ James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon, 30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 55: 257–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0015.
  6. ^ Horgan, John (April 27, 2016). "Claude Shannon: Tinkerer, Prankster, and Father of Information Theory". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  7. ^ a b Brooks, Rodney (January 25, 2022). "How Claude Shannon Helped Kick-start Machine Learning". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  8. ^ Golomb, Solomon W. (January 2002). "Claude Elwood Shannon (1916–2001)" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 49 (1).
  9. ^ a b Poundstone, William (2005). Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. Hill & Wang. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8090-4599-0.
  10. ^ Chow, Rony (June 5, 2021). "Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory". History of Data Science. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  11. ^ Vignes, Alain (2023). Silicon, From Sand to Chips, 1: Microelectronic Components. Hoboken: ISTE / John Wiley and Sons. p. xv. ISBN 978-1-78630-921-1.
  12. ^ Rioul, Olivier (2021), Duplantier, Bertrand; Rivasseau, Vincent (eds.), "This is IT: A Primer on Shannon's Entropy and Information", Information Theory: Poincaré Seminar 2018, Progress in Mathematical Physics, vol. 78, Cham: Springer, pp. 49–86, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81480-9_2, ISBN 978-3-030-81480-9
  13. ^ a b "Claude E. Shannon". IEEE Information Theory Society. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Shimeall, Timothy J.; Spring, Jonathan M. (2013). Introduction to Information Security: A Strategic-Based Approach. Syngress. p. 167. ISBN 978-1597499699.
  16. ^ a b Koç, Çetin Kaya; Özdemir, Funda (2023). "Development of Cryptography since Shannon" (PDF). Handbook of Formal Analysis and Verification in Cryptography: 1–56. doi:10.1201/9781003090052-1. ISBN 978-1-003-09005-2.
  17. ^ Bruen, Aiden A.; Forcinito, Mario (2005). Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century. Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-471-65317-2. OCLC 56191935.
  18. ^ a b Poundstone 2005, pp. 15–16
  19. ^ "Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age". MIT Technology Review. July 1, 2001. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  20. ^ Goodman, Jimmy Soni and Rob (July 30, 2017). "Claude Shannon: The Juggling Poet Who Gave Us the Information Age". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  21. ^ Goodman, Rob; Soni, Jimmy (2018). "Genius in Training". Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  22. ^ Chang, Mark (2014). Principles of Scientific Methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-4822-3809-9.
  23. ^ Jha, Alok (April 30, 2016). "Without Claude Shannon's information theory there would have been no internet". The Guardian. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  24. ^ Keats, Jonathon (November 11, 2010). Virtual Words: Language from the Edge of Science and Technology. Oxford University Press. p. 36. doi:10.1093/oso/9780195398540.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-539854-0.
  25. ^ McCarthy, John; Minsky, Marvin L.; Rochester, Nathaniel; Shannon, Claude E. (December 15, 2006). "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955". AI. Vol. 27, no. 4. p. 12. doi:10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904. ISSN 2371-9621.
  26. ^ Solomonoff, Grace (May 6, 2023). "The Meeting of the Minds That Launched AI". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  27. ^ Apter, Michael J. (2018). The Computer Simulation of Behaviour. Routledge Library Editions: Artificial intelligence. London New York: Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8153-8566-0.
  28. ^ Lowood, Henry; Guins, Raiford, eds. (June 3, 2016). Debugging Game History: A Critical Lexicon. The MIT Press. pp. 31–32. doi:10.7551/mitpress/10087.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-33194-4.
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference MIT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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