Back إيل (إله) Arabic Ел Bulgarian El Catalan El (Gott) German Ελ (Καναάν) Greek El (ŝemida dio) Esperanto El (dios semítico) Spanish El (jumal) Estonian El Basque ال (خدا) Persian
| El | |
|---|---|
Father of the Gods | |
&sq=Facebook&lang=en&file=File:%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E7%A5%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%9D%90%E5%83%8F.jpg) | |
| Other names | |
| Venerated in | Ancient Semitic religion |
| Abode | Mount Lel |
| Symbol | Bull |
| Region | Levant (particularly Canaan) and Anatolia |
| Genealogy | |
| Consort |
|
| Children | |
| Equivalents | |
| Syrian | Dagon[3][4] |
| Mesopotamian | Anu, Enlil[5][6] |
| Hurrian | Kumarbi[5][6] |
| Roman | Saturn |
| Part of a series on Ancient Semitic religion |
| Levantine mythology |
|---|
| Deities |
|
| Deities of the ancient Near East |
|---|
| Religions of the ancient Near East |
| Part of the myth series on Religions of the ancient Near East |
| Pre-Islamic Arabian deities |
|---|
| Arabian deities of other Semitic origins |
El[a] is a Northwest Semitic word meaning 'god' or 'deity', or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in the Old Akkadian and Amorite languages.[8] The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *ʔil-.[9]
Originally a Canaanite deity known as 'El, 'Al or 'Il the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion[10] and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia.[11] Among the Hittites, El was known as Elkunirša (Hittite: 𒂖𒆪𒉌𒅕𒊭 Elkunīrša).
Although El gained different appearances and meanings in different languages over time, it continues to exist as -il or -el in compound proper noun phrases such as Ishmael, Israel, Samuel, Daniel, Raphael, Michael, and Gabriel.
- ^ Negbi, Ora (1976). Canaanite Gods in Metal: An Archaeological Study of Ancient Syro-Palestinian Figurines. Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology. pp. 48, 115.
- ^
- Anderson, James S. (2015). Monotheism and Yahweh's Appropriation of Baal. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-567-66396-2.
- Barker, Margaret (2012). The Mother of the Lord. Vol. 1: The Lady in the Temple. T&T Clark. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-567-52815-5.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2020). Balentine, Samuel E. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Ritual and Worship in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-0-19-022211-6.
- Day, John (2010). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-567-53783-6.
- Smith, Mark S. (2003). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-19-516768-9.
- Flynn, Shawn W. (2019). A Story of YHWH: Cultural Translation and Subversive Reception in Israelite History. Taylor & Francis. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-317-24713-5.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2017). Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (revised ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-567-67044-1.
- Green, Alberto Ravinell Whitney (2003). The Storm-god in the Ancient Near East. Eisenbrauns. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-57506-069-9.
- Römer, Thomas (4 November 2015). The Invention of God. Harvard University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-674-91575-6.
- Heiser, Michael S. (6 June 2008). "DIVINE COUNCIL". In Longman III, Tremper; Enns, Peter (eds.). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8308-1783-2.
- Wyatt, Nicholas (2017). The Archaeology of Myth: Papers on Old Testament Tradition. Taylor & Francis. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-351-54664-5.
- Mulder, Martin Jan (1988). The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 1 Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Brill. p. 93. ISBN 978-90-04-27510-2.
- Wyatt, Nicholas (2007). "Old men or progenitors A proposal to emend the text of Deuteronomy 32:7 and Proverbs 23:22" (PDF). Studi epigrafici e linguistici sul Vicino Oriente antico (v. 24). Essedue Edizioni: 33, 35. ISSN 2239-5393.
- Hartman, Louis F.; Di Lella, Ander A. (2005). The Book of Daniel. Anchor Bible Commentary (YUP) Series. Yale University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-300-13968-6.
- Deuteronomy 32:8-9 NIV - - Bible Gateway, www.biblegateway.com footnote a.
- Deuteronomy 32:8-9 NRSV - - Bible Gateway, www.biblegateway.com
- Deuteronomy 32:8-9 NET - - Bible Gateway, www.biblegateway.com
- ^ Fontenrose 1957, pp. 277–279.
- ^ Feliu 2007, p. 301.
- ^ a b Güterbock 1983, pp. 325–326.
- ^ a b Archi 2004, p. 329.
- ^ "𐤀𐤋". Online Phoenician Dictionary. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ Cross 1997, p. 14.
- ^ Kogan, Leonid (2015), Genealogical Classification of Semitic: The Lexical Isoglosses. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter. p. 147.
- ^ Matthews 2004, p. 79.
- ^ Gelb 1961, p. 6.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).